Loudness is not peak level
The old approach — peak normalisation — finds the single loudest sample and scales everything so it just touches the maximum. It is a poor proxy for how loud something sounds, because one stray peak can hold back an otherwise quiet track. Loudness normalisation measures the perceived level across the whole programme instead, weighted roughly for how hearing works, and expressed in LUFS. Two clips normalised to the same LUFS value sound equally loud; two clips peak-normalised to the same value very often do not.